Web Development 101

Introduction

Feeling scared of the command line? You’re not alone. We have this image of developers staring intently at a black screen with white or green text flashing across as they wildly enter incomprehensible commands to hack into the corporate mainframe (no doubt while guzzling soda and wiping neon orange Cheetos dust off their keyboard).

That black screen or window is the command line interface (CLI), where you’re able to enter commands that your computer will run for you. While there’s no need for you to reenact the scene above, working with the command line is a critical skill for you to learn as a developer. The command line is like our base of operations, from which we can launch other programs and interact with them. It has a syntax of its own to learn, but since you’ll be entering the same commands dozens of times, you’ll quickly pick up the commands you need most.

In this introductory lesson to the command line, you’ll learn how to navigate around your computer and how to manipulate files and directories (also known as folders) directly from the comfort of the command line. You’ll soon see that this isn’t as difficult as you may think. The commands you will learn in this lesson are very straightforward, so don’t be intimidated by the prospect of using the command line for the first time.

Test Drive Your Terminal

Open a terminal on your computer. - Linux: open the programs menu and search for “Terminal”. You can also open the terminal by pressing CTRL + ALT + T on your keyboard. - MacOS: Open your Applications > Utilities folder and find “Terminal”.

Before we do anything, take a look at the following text: $ whoami This is a terminal command because it begins with a $. The $ is saying “Hey! Enter what follows in your terminal.” This means that we must exclude the $ when entering any command. In the example above, we would only enter whoami in our terminal. This is a common indicator so make sure that you aren’t entering $ before a command. Now that you are aware of what $ does, take your terminal for a test run! Make sure your terminal is open, type the command mentioned above, and press enter on your keyboard.

It returns your username. Cool!

Why learn this now?

You will be making heavy use of the command line throughout this curriculum, and the upcoming installations project will require you to install many different software programs using the command line. Additionally, you will primarily be using Git within the command line (more on this later). As part of the bigger picture, you may well be using the command line on a daily basis in your career as a software developer, making it an indispensable skill in your toolset.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

• Describe what the command line is.
• Open the command line on your computer.
• Use the command line to navigate directories and display directory contents.
• Use the command line to create a new directory and a new file.
• Use the command line to rename or destroy a directory and a file.

Assignment

Note: Many of these resources assume you’re using a Mac or Linux environment. If you did our previous installation lesson, you should already have Linux installed in dual-boot, a virtual machine, or Windows Subsystem for Linux. Or, you might be using MacOS. If you don’t have MacOS, or any version of Linux installed, please return to the operating system installation guide.

1. Before diving into the command line lesson, you’ll want to know how to create a file. You can do so with the touch command. Open your terminal and enter ls (the l is a lowercase L). ls will show you the files and folders in the current directory (or will show nothing if the current directory is empty). Create a file called test.txt by entering this in your terminal: touch test.txt. Now enter ls once again. You should see test.txt listed in the output. You can also create more than one file at once using the touch command. Enter touch index.html script.js style.css and press the enter. Then enter ls once more. You should see the files in the output. Here is a small way that the terminal reveals it’s power. How long would it have take to create all three of those files with your mouse? Thanks, terminal.
2. Read through chapter 1 of Conquering the Command Line.

Use the Command Line Like a Pro

There’s something important that you need to know about programmers. Programmers are lazy. Like, really lazy. If they are forced to do something over and over again, odds are good that they’ll figure out a way to automate it instead. The good news is that you get to benefit from the many shortcuts they’ve created along the way. It’s time to learn how to use the command line like a pro (which is to say, in a really lazy way).

First, you might have already noticed that copying and pasting inside the command line doesn’t work the way that you’d expect. When you’re inside the command line, you’ll need to use Ctrl+Shift+C(Mac: Cmd+C) to copy and Ctrl+Shift+V(Mac: Cmd+V) to paste. For example, to copy and paste commands from your browser into the command line, you’ll highlight the command text and use Ctrl+C as usual and then paste it in your terminal using Ctrl+Shift+V. Test it out!

Second, you need to learn about tab completion. Seriously, this tip will save you so much time and frustration. Let’s say that you’re in the command line and that you need to move into a folder that’s far away, something like ~/Documents/Odin-Project/Web-Development-101/javascript/calculator/. That’s a long command to type out, and everything needs to be exactly right in order for it to work. Nope, we’re way too lazy for that! Basically, by hitting Tab, the command line will automatically complete commands that you’ve started typing once there’s only one option. For example, it’s pretty common to have a Documents folder and a Downloads folder in the home directory. If you’ve typed cd D and then press Tab, the command line will let you know that it’s not sure which one you want by showing you the different options that match what you’ve typed so far: bash $ cd D Documents/ Downloads/ $ cd D But once you’ve typed in a little bit more, it will complete the name for you, making it possible to write out the full file path above by typing as little as cd Doc[tab]O[tab]W[tab]j[tab]cal[tab] (depending on what other folders exist on your computer). Test it out, and get comfortable with how this works. You’re gonna love it.

Third, there’s a really handy shortcut for opening everything within a project directory: . Once you’ve installed a text editor, you can use this shortcut to open up an entire project and all of its files in one go. For example, if you have VS Code installed, you can cd into the project directory and then type code . (with the period) to open up all of the project files. This shortcut is also commonly used with Git (which is covered in detail later on) with commands like git add . to add all of the files inside of a directory into Git’s staging area.

Exercise

In this exercise, you will practice creating files and directories and deleting them. You’ll need to enter the commands for this exercise in your terminal. If you can’t recall how to open a terminal, scroll up for a reminder.

That’s it–you’re done with command line basics! If you commit to doing most things from the command line from here on out, these commands will become second nature to you. Moving and copying files is much more efficiently done through the command line, even if it feels like more of a hassle at this point.

Additional Resources

This section contains helpful links to other content. It isn’t required, so consider it supplemental material for if you want to dive deeper into something.

• The online book Learn Enough Command Line to Be Dangerous is a great resource for mastering the command line. Chapter 1 is free and provides a good introduction to command line tools. The rest of the book is not free and goes into more depth than you really need at this point, but feel free to purchase and read the rest of the book if you like.
• ExplainShell.com is a great resource for if you want to deconstruct a particularly strange shell command or learn how Bash works through guess-and-check.
• Unix/Linux Command Cheat Sheet contains a list of important commands that you can refer to regularly as you become familiar with using Linux. You can print it out so you can have a physical copy with you when you’re not at your computer.
• Command Line Flashcards by flashcards.github.io.
• Video Series from LearnLinxTv contains 24 videos explaining the basics of the command line. Videos are brief enough for beginners but, at the same time, are detailed enough to get started and light your inner curiosity.

Knowledge Check

This section contains questions for you to check your understanding of this lesson. If you’re having trouble answering the questions below on your own, clicking the small arrow to the left of the question will reveal the answers.

What is the command line?

• The command line is a way to interact with the computer using specific words called "commands".

How do you open the command line on your computer?

• On Linux: Open the programs menu and search for "Terminal". You can also open the terminal by pressing CTRL + ALT + T.
• On Mac: Open your applications folder and find "Terminal".

How can you navigate to a particular directory?

• You can use the cd command to change directories.

Where will cd on its own navigate you to?

• On Linux and Mac, it will navigate you home.

Where will cd .. navigate you to?

• It will navigate you "up" one folder, that is, into the parent of the current directory.

How do you display the name of the directory you are currently in?

• On Linux and Mac, use the pwd (print working directory) command.

How do you display the contents of the directory you are currently in?

• On Linux and Mac, use the ls command. Use ls -l to display the files in a list.

How do you create a new directory?

• You can do this using the mkdir command.

How do you create a new file?

• On Linux and Mac, use the touch command, e.g., touch new-file.txt.

How do you destroy a directory or file?

• On Linux and Mac, use the rm command. To destroy folders, use rm -r or rmdir.

How do you rename a directory or file?

• On Linux and Mac, use the mv command, e.g., mv folder/old-file.txt folder/new-file.txt.