Foundations

Before you start!

• Recent changes to the way Github names the default branch means you need to make sure you are using a recent version of git (2.28 or later). You can check your version by running:
  git --version
• If you haven’t already, set your local default git branch to main. You can do so by running:
  git config --global init.defaultBranch main
• For more information on the change from master to main see GitHub’s Renaming Repository.

Create the Repository

1. You should have already created a GitHub account in the Setting up Git lesson. If you haven’t done that yet, you can sign up here.

2. Create a new repository by clicking the button shown in the screenshot below.
3. Give your repository the name “git_test” in the repository name input field, and create the repository by clicking the green “Create repository” button at the bottom of the page.
4. This will redirect you to your new repository on GitHub. To copy this repository onto your local machine, select the SSH option and copy the line next to it.
5. In the command line on your local machine, navigate to where you want to store this project, and then clone your repository on GitHub onto your computer with git clone followed by the URL you copied in the last step. The full command should look similar to git clone git@github.com:USER-NAME/REPOSITORY-NAME.git.
6. That’s it! You have successfully connected the repository you created on GitHub to your local machine. To test this, you can cd into the new git_test folder that was downloaded and then enter git remote -v in your command line. This will display the URL of the repository you created in GitHub, which is the remote for your local copy. You may have also noticed the word origin at the start of the git remote -v output, which is the name of your remote connection. The name “origin” is both the default and the convention for the remote repository, but it could have just as easily been named “party-parrot” or “dancing-banana”. (Don’t worry about the details of origin for now; it will come up again near the end of this tutorial.)

Use the Git Workflow

1. Create a new file in the git_test folder called “README.md” with the command touch README.md.
2. Type git status in your terminal. In the output, notice that your README.md file is shown in red, which means that this file is not staged.
3. Type git add README.md. This command adds your README.md file to the staging area in Git.The staging area is part of the two step process for making a commit in Git. Think of the staging area like a “waiting room” for your changes until you commit them. Now, type git status again. In the output, notice that your file is now shown in green, which means that this file is now in the staging area.
4. Type git commit -m "Add README.md" and then type git status once more. The output should now say, “nothing to commit, working tree clean”, indicating that your changes have been committed. Don’t worry about the upstream is gone message you may see, this is totally normal and only showing because your cloned repository currently has no branches. It will be resolved once you have followed the rest of the steps in this project.
5. Type git log and look at the output. You should see an entry for your “Add README.md” commit. You will also see details on the author who made the commit and the date and time for when the commit was made.

Add Another File

1. Create a new file in the git_test folder called hello_world.txt. In the terminal, type git status, and notice hello_world.txt is not staged.
2. Open README.md in your text editor of choice and add the text “This is (YourUsername)’s first git project!” and then save the file.
3. Back in your terminal, type git status, and notice that README.md is now shown as modified, and not staged or committed. This is because you made a change to it, and it is already a tracked file.
4. Add README.md to the staging area with git add README.md.
5. Can you guess what git status will output now? README.md will be displayed in green text, while hello_world.txt will still be in red. This means that only README.md has been added to the staging area.
6. Now, add hello_world.txt to the staging area with a slightly different command: git add ., where the full stop means to add all files in the current directory that are not staged. Then, type git status once more, and everything should now be in the staging area. (Note: You can use git add -A to add ALL unstaged files to the staging area within the repository)
7. Finally, let’s commit all of the files that are in the staging area and add a descriptive commit message git commit -m "Add hello_world.txt and edit README.md". Then, type git status once again, which will output “nothing to commit”.
8. Take one last look at your commit history by typing git log. You should now see two entries.

Push Your Work to GitHub

Finally, let’s upload your work to the GitHub repository you created at the start of this tutorial.

1. Type git push origin main.
2. Type git status one final time. It should output “nothing to commit, working tree clean”.
3. When you reload the repository on GitHub, you should see the README.md and hello_world.txt files that you just pushed there from your local machine.